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A Landsmannschaft (Latin ''natio'', plural nationes) is a German fraternity of several fraternity forms called ''Studentenverbindung''. The older forms of ''Landsmannschaften'' were part of corporations and are closely aligned with the beginnings of universities in medieval times of the 12th and 13th centuries. The newer forms of ''Landsmannschaften'' are a kind of reform corps and most ''Landsmannschaften'' are members of the Coburger Convent. == History == In order to understand the history of German fraternities, it needs to be known that the first universities in Europe were established in the 12th and 13th century in Paris (France), Bologna and Padua (Italy), and later also in Oxford and Cambridge (England). Students joined groups in regards to region in order to have protection as well as support in being heard in their interests. The two early forms were called nations (Nationes) or colleges (Collegien) and organized not only the work but also social life and had major influence in universities as they elected the head of a university (magister) in some areas. ''Landsmannschaften'' formerly had the character of guilds. They were loosely organized bodies of students from the same region or nation naturally enough drawn together by their longings for companionship. A good example is the ''Mosellanerlandsmannschaft'' of the University of Jena. It contained members from the Rhineland, Palatinate, Swabia, and Alsace. The purposes of the organizations in general were: # to encourage friendship; # to compel the adjustment of difficulties arising among members; # to protect a “brother member” against slander or other attack from outsiders; # to share in social enjoyments; # to perform friendly services for one another; # to yield to the will of the majority; # to obey the president as long as he directs for the best interests of the organization. By 1786, this code had grown to 86 paragraphs.〔This article incorporates text from a work in the public domain: A German reader. The notes are in English for the most part. The copy at archive.org is missing some pages of the notes.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Landsmannschaft (Studentenverbindung)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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